DCI to Acquire Ksh150 Million Surveillance Technology for Social Media Monitoring

Parliament approves budget allocation for controversial Optimus 3.0 system amid privacy concerns

The Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) is set to acquire a sophisticated social media surveillance system worth Ksh150 million following budget approval by Parliament’s Budget and Appropriations Committee.

The allocation, part of the amended 2025-2026 national budget estimates totaling Ksh2.54 trillion, will fund the procurement and operation of the Optimus 3.0 system, which experts say has the capability to comprehensively track social media users across the country.

Budget Breakdown

The Budget and Appropriations Committee, chaired by Alego Usonga MP Sam Atandi, has allocated Ksh50 million for the procurement of Optimus 3.0 equipment and an additional Ksh100 million for recurrent expenditure under the “DCI Forensic Lab Optimus 3.0 Social Media” initiative.

According to experts, this system can track social media users nationwide, identifying users across various platforms and establishing who is posting what content, from which locations, and using which devices, all traceable through connection data.

The controversial allocation comes as part of broader budget reallocations that have seen significant increases in security spending.

The National Police Service is set to receive up to Ksh1.8 billion in additional recurrent expenditure, with the Office of the Inspector General getting Ksh800 million more for police operations.

Surveillance Capabilities

The Optimus 3.0 system represents what critics describe as “a philosophical statement about the relationship between the Kenyan state and its citizens,” with capabilities that extend far beyond traditional law enforcement tools.

The system’s advanced features reportedly include:

• Cross-platform user identification and tracking
• Real-time monitoring of social media activities
• Device fingerprinting and location tracking
• Content analysis and threat assessment capabilities

With Kenya’s social media user base reaching 15.1 million active users in early 2025—representing 26.5% of the population—the potential scope of surveillance is substantial.

Privacy and Rights Concerns

The budget allocation has raised significant concerns among digital rights advocates and privacy experts.

While the right to privacy of communications is guaranteed in the Kenyan Constitution, Kenya lacks comprehensive data protection laws, meaning the government will be operating this powerful surveillance network effectively without proper checks and balances.

Recent reports of illegal arrests, abductions, and enforced disappearances have already fueled suspicions that the Kenyan government has been engaged in illegal surveillance, with telecommunications companies and government agencies accused of violating citizens’ privacy through unregulated monitoring.

Kenya, once regarded as a model of excellence in digital rights in East Africa, has been increasingly plagued by practices that threaten its standing in the region.

Broader Budget Implications

The surveillance system allocation comes at the expense of other critical sectors. The National Fund for the Disabled of Kenya has been defunded by Ksh400 million, with funds redirected to meet operational expenses including replacing the “old fleet of motor vehicles for chief of staff and the head of public service.”

Education has also suffered significant cuts:

• Teachers Service Commission loses Ksh570 million in total allocation
• University education funding reduced by Ksh920 million
• Secondary education faces a net reduction of Ksh4 billion, including a combined Ksh5 billion cut in capitation for secondary and junior secondary schools

Security Sector Gains

The surveillance system is part of a broader boost to security spending.

The Ministry of Defence has received the largest budget allocation in its history at Ksh213 billion, an increase of Ksh13 billion that includes Ksh2 billion for recruitment, Ksh5 billion for Kenya Defence Forces operations in Somalia, and Ksh6 billion for other security operations.

Growing Digital Surveillance Trend

The Optimus 3.0 allocation follows other recent government moves to tighten control over digital spaces, including mandating that all social media companies establish physical offices in Kenya following the government’s commitment to take action against those “misusing social media to defame public leaders and spread harmful content.”

The government has also previously implemented the Device Management System through the Communications Authority of Kenya, a tool that monitors text messages and phone calls to identify fraud cases.

Parliamentary Process

The National Assembly is expected to debate the budget committee’s report this week. If approved, the allocations will form the basis for the budget statement by National Treasury Cabinet Secretary John Mbadi.

The timing of the surveillance system procurement is particularly significant given recent high-profile cases involving social media monitoring and the ongoing debates about digital rights and government overreach in Kenya.

As Kenya continues to grapple with balancing security concerns and digital rights, the Optimus 3.0 system represents a significant expansion of the state’s surveillance capabilities.

Critics argue that without proper legal frameworks and oversight mechanisms, such systems risk transforming Kenya into a surveillance state that undermines the very democratic principles enshrined in its constitution.